The Nervous System
The nervous system is the master control system of the body. It allows separate parts of the body to communicate with one another and it allows us to respond to stimulus. Without the nervous system, we wouldn't be able to catch balls, ride bikes, see movies, or smell food. The nervous system is also responsible for letting us contract our muscles, which is essential for life.
Functions
The nervous system is the master control system of the body. It allows separate parts of the body to communicate with one another and it allows us to respond to stimulus. Without the nervous system, we wouldn't be able to catch balls, ride bikes, see movies, or smell food. The nervous system is also responsible for letting us contract our muscles, which is essential for life.
Functions
- monitor stimuli
- process and interpret sensory information
- respond via motor output
This picture shows how the nervous system is broken up into two parts: the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. The Peripheral is then broken down into the Sensory division and the motor division. The motor division s then broken down into the autonomic and somatic systems. The autonomic is broken into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions.
Structure of the nervous system
The supporting cells- neuroglia are the supporting cells that insulate, support, and protect the neurons. In the CNS, the neuroglia are astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, and oligodendrocytes. In the PNS, the neuroglia are Schwann cells and satellite cells. (look to the slideshow for a more detailed description of each of these)
neurons- nerve cells, they transmit messages from parts of the body to other parts of the body. Made of a cell body, dendrites, axons, myelin, and synaptic clefts. (look to the slideshow for a more detailed description of each of these)
The supporting cells- neuroglia are the supporting cells that insulate, support, and protect the neurons. In the CNS, the neuroglia are astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, and oligodendrocytes. In the PNS, the neuroglia are Schwann cells and satellite cells. (look to the slideshow for a more detailed description of each of these)
neurons- nerve cells, they transmit messages from parts of the body to other parts of the body. Made of a cell body, dendrites, axons, myelin, and synaptic clefts. (look to the slideshow for a more detailed description of each of these)
The Brain
The brain is the control center of the nervous system. This is where most of the magic happens. The brain is split into four parts, the diencephalon (sends information to other parts of te brain, hormone regulation), the cerebrum (thought), the cerebellum (balance) , and the brain stem (involuntary movement). The cerebrum is divided into lobes which have specific functions, the occipital lobe (sight), the frontal lobe (personality and social behavior), the parietal lobe (sensory information), and the temporal lobe (taste, hearing, memory, and recognition of words and faces)
The brain is the control center of the nervous system. This is where most of the magic happens. The brain is split into four parts, the diencephalon (sends information to other parts of te brain, hormone regulation), the cerebrum (thought), the cerebellum (balance) , and the brain stem (involuntary movement). The cerebrum is divided into lobes which have specific functions, the occipital lobe (sight), the frontal lobe (personality and social behavior), the parietal lobe (sensory information), and the temporal lobe (taste, hearing, memory, and recognition of words and faces)
Endocrine System
The endocrine system is the second controlling system of the body, the first being the nervous system. The endocrine system is different from the nervous system, however, because it is not build for speed like the nervous system is. The endocrine system uses glands that secrete hormones to affect more gradual changes. These hormones control reproduction, growth and development, mobilizing body defenses, maintaining electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of the blood, and regulating cellular metabolism and energy balance.
Functions
The endocrine system is the second controlling system of the body, the first being the nervous system. The endocrine system is different from the nervous system, however, because it is not build for speed like the nervous system is. The endocrine system uses glands that secrete hormones to affect more gradual changes. These hormones control reproduction, growth and development, mobilizing body defenses, maintaining electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of the blood, and regulating cellular metabolism and energy balance.
Functions
- Creating hormones that create gradual changes by creating one of these five changes:
- Changes in the plasma membrane permeability or electrical state
- Synthesis of proteins or certain regulatory molecules (such as enzymes) in the cell
- activation or inactivation of enzymes
- stimulation of mitosis
- Promotion of secretory activity
There are ten major glands in the body
Pineal Gland- produces melatonin, which is involved in biological rhythms
Hypothalamus- creates hormones released by the pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary gland-produces oxytocin, which is a nervous system response to the uterine stretching and/or suckling of a baby
Anterior pituitary lobe-master gland: produces growth hormone, which stimulates growth, prolactin, which stimulates milk production, follicle- stimulating hormone, which stimulates the production of gametes, luteinizing hormone, which stimulates ovaries and testes, thyroid- stimulating hormone, which stimulates the thyroid, and adrenocorticotropic hormone, which stimulates the adrenal cortex.
Thyroid- produces thyroxine, which stimulates metabolism, and calcitonin, which reduces blood calcium level
Parathyroid- produces parathyroid hormone, which raises blood calcium levels
Thymus- produces thymosin, which 'programs' the T lymphocytes
Adrenal gland (adrenal medulla)- produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, which raise blood glucose level; increases rate of metabolism; and constricts certain blood vessels
Adrenal glands (adrenal cortex)- produces glucocorticoids, which increase blood glucose, and mineralocorticoids, which promote the reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys.
Pancreas- produces insulin, which reduces blood glucose, and glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels
Gonads (Testes)- produce androgens, which support sperm formation
Gonads (Ovaries)- produce estrogens, which stimulate uterine lining growth, and progesterone, which promotes uterine lining growth
Hypothalamus- creates hormones released by the pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary gland-produces oxytocin, which is a nervous system response to the uterine stretching and/or suckling of a baby
Anterior pituitary lobe-master gland: produces growth hormone, which stimulates growth, prolactin, which stimulates milk production, follicle- stimulating hormone, which stimulates the production of gametes, luteinizing hormone, which stimulates ovaries and testes, thyroid- stimulating hormone, which stimulates the thyroid, and adrenocorticotropic hormone, which stimulates the adrenal cortex.
Thyroid- produces thyroxine, which stimulates metabolism, and calcitonin, which reduces blood calcium level
Parathyroid- produces parathyroid hormone, which raises blood calcium levels
Thymus- produces thymosin, which 'programs' the T lymphocytes
Adrenal gland (adrenal medulla)- produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, which raise blood glucose level; increases rate of metabolism; and constricts certain blood vessels
Adrenal glands (adrenal cortex)- produces glucocorticoids, which increase blood glucose, and mineralocorticoids, which promote the reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys.
Pancreas- produces insulin, which reduces blood glucose, and glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels
Gonads (Testes)- produce androgens, which support sperm formation
Gonads (Ovaries)- produce estrogens, which stimulate uterine lining growth, and progesterone, which promotes uterine lining growth
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is responsible transporting oxygen throughout the body so that the entire body can do cellular respiration to gain energy. The cardiovascular system works closely with the respiratory system. The center of the cardiovascular system is the heart. Arteries take oxygenated blood away from the heart while veins take deoxygenated blood to the heart. Here we can take a closer look at the cardiovascular system.
Functions:
Structures of the blood
The blood is composed of two parts: the formed elements and the plasma. The formed elements are the solid components, or the cells. The plasma is the liquid part of the blood. The formed elements are made up of the erythrocytes (the red blood cells), the leucocytes (the white blood cells), and the platelets. The plasma is made up of 90% water, which acts as a solvent and absorbs heat. The rest of the plasma is made of salt (electrolytes) and plasma proteins, which contribute to osmotic pressure and maintaining water balance in blood and tissues. Different plasma proteins have different functions. Also carried in the plasma are wastes, small amounts of gases, and other substances, like glucose and amino acids.
Structure of the heart
The heart is made of four chambers, which are surrounded by different blood vessels. Deoxygenated blood takes a path through the heart to go to the lungs, where it is oxygenated. From there it goes back to the heart and from there it is pumped to the rest of the body. First, the deoxygenated blood arrives in the right atrium from one of the two vena cavas. Blood from above the heart comes in through the superior vena cava and blood from under the heart comes from the inferior vena cava. From the right atrium, it goes to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it is oxygenated. The blood comes back to the heart through the pulmonary vein and goes through the left atrium. From the left atrium, it goes into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the blood into the aorta and there it is distributed throughout the body.
The cardiovascular system is responsible transporting oxygen throughout the body so that the entire body can do cellular respiration to gain energy. The cardiovascular system works closely with the respiratory system. The center of the cardiovascular system is the heart. Arteries take oxygenated blood away from the heart while veins take deoxygenated blood to the heart. Here we can take a closer look at the cardiovascular system.
Functions:
- Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and waste
- Fights disease and foreign bodies
- Regulating body temperature
Structures of the blood
The blood is composed of two parts: the formed elements and the plasma. The formed elements are the solid components, or the cells. The plasma is the liquid part of the blood. The formed elements are made up of the erythrocytes (the red blood cells), the leucocytes (the white blood cells), and the platelets. The plasma is made up of 90% water, which acts as a solvent and absorbs heat. The rest of the plasma is made of salt (electrolytes) and plasma proteins, which contribute to osmotic pressure and maintaining water balance in blood and tissues. Different plasma proteins have different functions. Also carried in the plasma are wastes, small amounts of gases, and other substances, like glucose and amino acids.
Structure of the heart
The heart is made of four chambers, which are surrounded by different blood vessels. Deoxygenated blood takes a path through the heart to go to the lungs, where it is oxygenated. From there it goes back to the heart and from there it is pumped to the rest of the body. First, the deoxygenated blood arrives in the right atrium from one of the two vena cavas. Blood from above the heart comes in through the superior vena cava and blood from under the heart comes from the inferior vena cava. From the right atrium, it goes to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it is oxygenated. The blood comes back to the heart through the pulmonary vein and goes through the left atrium. From the left atrium, it goes into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the blood into the aorta and there it is distributed throughout the body.
Nervous system
http://lvs-biology.wikispaces.com/file/view/wyDiagramNervousSystem.jpg/228689138/wyDiagramNervousSystem.jpg
http://wikieducator.org/images/b/bd/Neuron.jpg
http://www.austincc.edu/rfofi/NursingRvw/NursingPics/CNSPics/Picture4.jpg
http://my.fresnounified.org/personal/lygonza/gonzalez/Brain/parts%20of%20the%20brain.jpg
http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/brain-internal-parts.gif
http://www.everythingessential.me/mainimages/NervousSystem.jpg
http://24.media.tumblr.com/f32e48288988acc65110174a963a75bb/tumblr_mjf7q17hfp1rn6pqko1_1280.jpg
Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4PPZCLnVkA
Endocrine System
http://img.docstoccdn.com/thumb/orig/120795930.png
http://www.sman2-tsm.sch.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/endocrineglands.jpg
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_hhUdKwzDmA4/SwT2uQ41bKI/AAAAAAAAAPw/AQKy5BmKUI8/s400/hor.jpg
http://img.docstoccdn.com/thumb/orig/89969878.png
http://thebiologyzone.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/f20-4_pituitary_gland_c.jpg
http://img.docstoccdn.com/thumb/orig/112479654.png
http://meded.ucsd.edu/hist-img-bank/chapter_3/Slides_42_and_40_skeletal/images/c.2.40.1.2.jpg
Video-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4PPZCLnVkA
Cardiovascular System
http://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/639/human_circulatory_system_-_anatomy_3d_model_87c167e1-70a1-4005-ac22-d398887588a6.jpg
http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/Bio2108/Lecture/LecPhysio/42_15BloodComposition_L.jpg
http://www.anatomybox.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/human-heart_diagram.png
http://diseasespictures.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Circulatory-System.gif
http://www.slrctsurgery.com/images/taa_img02.jpg
Video-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fxm85Fy4sQ
http://lvs-biology.wikispaces.com/file/view/wyDiagramNervousSystem.jpg/228689138/wyDiagramNervousSystem.jpg
http://wikieducator.org/images/b/bd/Neuron.jpg
http://www.austincc.edu/rfofi/NursingRvw/NursingPics/CNSPics/Picture4.jpg
http://my.fresnounified.org/personal/lygonza/gonzalez/Brain/parts%20of%20the%20brain.jpg
http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/brain-internal-parts.gif
http://www.everythingessential.me/mainimages/NervousSystem.jpg
http://24.media.tumblr.com/f32e48288988acc65110174a963a75bb/tumblr_mjf7q17hfp1rn6pqko1_1280.jpg
Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4PPZCLnVkA
Endocrine System
http://img.docstoccdn.com/thumb/orig/120795930.png
http://www.sman2-tsm.sch.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/endocrineglands.jpg
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_hhUdKwzDmA4/SwT2uQ41bKI/AAAAAAAAAPw/AQKy5BmKUI8/s400/hor.jpg
http://img.docstoccdn.com/thumb/orig/89969878.png
http://thebiologyzone.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/f20-4_pituitary_gland_c.jpg
http://img.docstoccdn.com/thumb/orig/112479654.png
http://meded.ucsd.edu/hist-img-bank/chapter_3/Slides_42_and_40_skeletal/images/c.2.40.1.2.jpg
Video-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4PPZCLnVkA
Cardiovascular System
http://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/639/human_circulatory_system_-_anatomy_3d_model_87c167e1-70a1-4005-ac22-d398887588a6.jpg
http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/Bio2108/Lecture/LecPhysio/42_15BloodComposition_L.jpg
http://www.anatomybox.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/human-heart_diagram.png
http://diseasespictures.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Circulatory-System.gif
http://www.slrctsurgery.com/images/taa_img02.jpg
Video-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fxm85Fy4sQ